Beta-carotene

2002: measuring pigments and color

A 2002 study measured skin carotenoids and skin color in non-supplemented people. Researchers observe a relationship between these pigments and the yellow component of the measured color. This work shows that natural color does not depend solely on melanin; Compounds from food also contribute.

2012: tracking dietary changes

In 2012, Whitehead and colleagues followed 35 people for six weeks. Variations in fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with color changes consistent with carotenoids. This observation supports a progressive effect of diet, but this monitoring does not in itself constitute a randomized trial imposing a precise intake on each participant.

2015 and 2016: modify the contributions

Dietary interventions then test this relationship more directly. A 2015 trial uses a carotenoid-rich smoothie for six weeks; a 2016 crossover trial compares fruits and vegetables more or less rich in these pigments. The results show that a dietary modification can change the measured color. They do not prove that any tablet gives exactly the same result.

2019: studying aesthetic preference

A 2019 cross-cultural study examines the perception of carotenoid colorations in images of faces and body parts. Participants prefer certain more colorful versions. This supports the possible aesthetic appeal of a warm shade, but remains a study in perception: it does not define a universal ideal skin tone and does not guarantee that further augmentation will always be more flattering.